10. The Kelvin-Helmholtz Wave Cloud
The Kelvin-Helmholtz wave cloud looks like crashing ocean waves. These beautiful clouds are named after German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz and British physicist Lord Kelvin, because they form when two different layers of air are moving past each other at different speeds. The above layer is faster. Some parts of the boundary – a shearing layer – move down, and others move up.
Billow clouds are often good indicators of atmospheric instability.
9. Cirrus Radiatus
Cirrus clouds come in many shapes and sizes and occur in the coldest and highest region of the troposphere. The World Meteorological Organization classified the cirrus clouds in five species – fibratus, uncinus, spissatus, castellanus, floccus – and four varieties – intortus, radiatus, vertebratus, duplicatus.
The delicate and thin cirrus radiatus clouds appear to converge towards one point on the horizon. The funny part is that they are actually parallel to one another; cirrus radiatus clouds don’t converge at all.
8. Shelf Clouds
The beautiful shelf clouds are low-level semicircular arcus clouds. Shelf clouds and roll clouds are two types of arcus clouds.
Shelf clouds stick out like a shelf from their parent thunderstorm cloud. They form in association with a phenomenon known as gust front.
This type of clouds is easily mistaken with wall clouds. The difference is that wall clouds usually appear at the rear of the storm, while shelf clouds on the leading edge of the thunderstorm.
The cloud in the above picture has been captured over Enschede, Netherlands.
7. Mammatus Clouds
Mammatus clouds are some seriously weird looking formations. Also known as mammatocumulus, they often occur in association with severe thunderstorms. Convection and buoyancy of air is the key in understanding how these unusual and scary clouds form.
In Mammutus clouds, “evaporation causes pockets of negative buoyancy as it cools the air inside the cloud. This makes the clouds puff downward instead of up like cumulus clouds, and they end up being like upside-down bubbles,” says Dan Breed, a scientist of the National Center for Atmospheric Research for Wired.com.
6. Morning Glory Clouds
The Morning Glory cloud is another rare and equally dramatic phenomenon. These roll clouds occur in the lower atmospheric layer ahead of a storm front and can most often be observed in Northern Australia. Morning Glory clouds have been observed also over Germany, Central US, the English Channel and Eastern Russia.
They can stretch 1000 km long and sometimes there are up to seven, eight consecutive Morning Glory clouds. Despite being studied for more than 70 years by scientists, this amazing atmospheric phenomenon is not clearly understood.
5. Lenticular Clouds
This beautiful lens-shaped clouds are usually created by gravity waves. The stationary clouds can be classified into cirrocumulus standing lenticular (CCSL), altocumulus standing lenticularis (ACSL) and stratocumulus standing lenticular (SCSL). Do you know which is one of the most common misidentified UFOs? Believe it or not, it’s the lenticular cloud. Due to their amazing shape, lenticular clouds are often mistaken for UFOs.
These clouds, also known as altocumulus lenticularis, form when a speed bump (tall thunderclouds, a mountain etc.) gets in the way of air flow. “As the air comes down the side of the mountain, it tends to overshoot and then springs back up. It oscillates like this for a while, and on the upward part of the waves, clouds form as rising air cools. A mountain range can form a series of long wave clouds, but if the speed bump is more isolated, like a single mountain, the result can be oval-shaped clouds that look like UFOs,” explained physicist Patrick Chuang
4. Anvil Clouds
The anvil cloud, also known as cumulonimbus incus, is mostly composed of ice particles. It is a mature thunderstorm cloud that can cause a super-cell thunderstorm and then a tornado.
Cumulonimbus clouds are divided into two species: calvus and capillatus. There are no varieties, but the anvil cloud is one of the nine accessory clouds. You can find more information on the website of the World Meteorological Organization.
Here’s an interesting fact: the high-level anvil clouds often contain heavy snow because of the very cold upper layers of the earth’s troposphere. The snow melts into rain as it falls in warmer layers of air at lower altitudes. According to WeatherQuestions.com, 40 to 50% of the rain “produced by the average thunderstorm originates as ice and snow, even in the tropics”.
3. Noctilucent Clouds
Polar mesospheric clouds – night shining clouds – have been seen exclusively around the Polar regions, but noctilucent clouds appeared several times over Europe and the United States. This is a real concern, because scientists believe they are caused by global warming. Since this phenomenon is fundamentally new, it seems that more questions exist than clear answers. This type of clouds was first observed 126 years ago by an amateur astronomer.
Located in the mesosphere, the mysterious noctilucent clouds are the Earth’s highest clouds.
The clouds that form 50 miles above the Earth’s surface are generally colorless, although pale blue, green, dark yellow and red shining clouds occasionally form.
2. Jacques Cousteau Clouds
Nicknamed the Jacques Cousteau clouds, undulatus asperatus is a cloud formation proposed two years ago as a separate cloud classification by Pretor-Pinney, British cloud enthusiast and founder of the Cloud Appreciation Society.
Pretor-Pinney proposed the formal name – undulatus asperatus – because the cloud’s form of undulation can be described as “very turbulent, violent and chaotic.” According to Guardian.co.uk, the roman poet Virgil used the word asperatus “in a poem to describe the surface of the sea whipped up by the north wind”.
1. Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) form in the stratosphere at altitudes of 50,000–80,000 ft. They are classified into Types I (clouds with more diffuse and less bright colors) and II (nacreous or mother-of-pearl clouds), according to their formation temperature and particle size. Unfortunately, Polar stratospheric clouds play a key role in the massive ozone depletion over the Arctic and Antarctic. NASA explains that PSCs “form only at very low temperatures. They help destroy ozone in two ways: they provide a surface which converts benign forms of chlorine into reactive, ozone-destroying forms, and they remove nitrogen compounds that moderate the destructive impact of chlorine. In recent years, the atmosphere above the Arctic has been colder than usual, and polar stratospheric clouds have lasted into the spring. As a result, ozone levels have been decreasing.”
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